Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (Birán, Holguín, Cuba, June 3, 1931) is a Cuban military officer and politician, the younger brother and collaborator of Fidel Castro. He has been the president of the Council of State of Cuba and, therefore, president of Cuba, since February 24, 2008, although he had been serving in an interim capacity since July 31, 2006. He also holds the military rank of Army General. Since April 2011, he has been the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, succeeding his brother Fidel in this role as well.
Son of the Lucense citizen Ángel Castro Argiz, he is the youngest of the three Castro brothers. Like Fidel, Raúl later attended the Jesuit School of Dolores in Santiago de Cuba and the Belén School in Havana. The brothers actively participated in student demonstrations. Raúl was a committed communist and joined the Socialist Youth, affiliated with the Cuban Communist Party, then known as the Popular Socialist Party (PSP), of Soviet orientation.
Cuban Revolution (1953-59)
Raúl Castro, on the left, with Che Guevara in 1958.
Alongside his brother, he was one of the members of the 26th of July Movement, which carried out the assault on the Moncada Barracks on July 26, 1953, in the city of Santiago de Cuba. During the attack, he was tasked with supporting the actions from the rooftop of the Palace of Justice in that city, a mission he fulfilled. He was subsequently arrested and sentenced to 13 years in prison. After being granted amnesty, he went into exile in Mexico, where he participated in the preparations for the Granma yacht expedition, which would land in Cuba in December 1956 after a long journey.
He met Che Guevara in Mexico City and introduced him to Fidel's revolutionary circle. Raúl also reached out to KGB agent Nikolai Leonov, whom he had encountered during his travels through Eastern bloc nations. This relationship would persist until the Castro brothers seized power in Cuba.
As a fighter in the Rebel Army, he participated in the Sierra Maestra campaign. On February 27, 1958, he was appointed commander and tasked with crossing the former province of Oriente, leading a column of guerrillas to open the Second Eastern Front "Frank País" (in honor of a leader of the underground movement who was killed by Batista's forces in the city of Santiago de Cuba) to the northeast. On that front, Raúl organized and established a functioning government in the liberated territories, even creating the Rebel Air Force, along with the first intelligence and police institutions of the revolutionaries, as well as health, education, and other departments.
Post-revolutionary period (1959-2006)
In 1961, he became a part of the National Directorate of Integrated Revolutionary Organizations. Following Che Guevara's departure, he became the second political figure in the government. He took part in the leadership of the United Party of the Socialist Revolution (PURS) in 1963. He was in charge of the investigation, prosecution, and trial of the members of the so-called "micro-fraction" within the Communist Party. From 1980 onward, he held supervisory roles alongside his brother in the Ministries of Defense, Interior, Culture, and Public Health.
Interim government (2006-2008)
Raúl Castro alongside former Brazilian President, Lula.
As Fidel Castro's constitutional successor, on July 31, 2006, his secretary, Carlos Valenciaga, announced that Raúl would temporarily assume the presidency of the Council of State, the secretariat of the PCC, and the role of Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, while his brother recovered from an intestinal surgical procedure.
During the time Raúl temporarily led Cuba, there were notable slight increases in the economy, as well as the massive debate he himself incited regarding the country's issues, which led to public proposals from the population starting on July 26, 2007.
In these debates, over 5 million proposals from citizens were made, serving as a foundation for solving the problems that hinder the development of Cuban society.
Government (since 2008)
On February 24, 2008, he was elected President of the Council of State of Cuba by the Deputies of the National Assembly of People's Power, thus succeeding his brother Fidel Castro in the presidency of Cuba, to which he had resigned a few days earlier through an open letter.
New measures and changes in Cuban policy
..."In December, I spoke about the excessive prohibitions and regulations, and in the coming weeks we will begin to eliminate the simplest ones. Many of them were aimed solely at preventing the emergence of new inequalities during a time of widespread scarcity, even at the cost of forgoing certain revenues." Raúl Castro Ruz February 24, 2008
In line with what was expressed in February 2008, Raúl Castro began to lift various legal barriers that restricted the people, such as the free access to hotels and car rentals, or allowing the unrestricted sale of mobile phones. In its inaugural session, he requested the National Assembly of People's Power for an extension until the end of 2008 for the restructuring of the Government, a process that occurred in March 2009 with the merging of several ministries and the replacement of nearly half of the ministers, including the well-known Carlos Lage Dávila and Felipe Pérez Roque.
Between September and November 2008, Cuba was struck by hurricanes Gustav, Ike, and Paloma, which caused over ten billion in economic losses. The hurricanes dealt a severe blow to the Cuban economy, being characterized as the worst natural disaster in its history. This resulted in food shortages across the country and the implementation of strict measures to control any attempts at hoarding or speculation of goods and food
Since September 2008, the Cuban state decided to grant usufruct rights of idle lands to farmers. By December 2009, 920,000 hectares of land had been allocated in a process that is not without challenges and delays
In January 2009, the Social Security Law was reformed, raising the retirement age to 60 for women and 65 for men. This year, the salary cap has also been eliminated, multi-employment has been authorized, and performance-based pay has been reinstated.
Since October 2009, the workers' cafeterias, another form of subsidy in the country, were gradually closed, and instead, workers were given an additional amount of 15 pesos per day for their lunch or snack.
In the same year of 2009, Castro's government allowed Cubans to access the Internet at post offices throughout the country, although some technical issues have arisen due to the U.S. embargo, which hinders fast connectivity. This situation was expected to improve with the completion of a submarine cable between Venezuela and the island in 2011
On October 10, 2009, Lázaro Barredo, director of the Granma newspaper of the Cuban Communist Party, announced that the ration book would be abolished and food assistance would be granted only to pensioners and individuals with low incomes.
At the end of October 2010, the Cuban government allowed 178 private activities, with the aim of moving 1 million workers from bureaucratic jobs to productive ones, both public and private, within a timeframe of three to five years.
In April 2011, he was elected as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba at the Sixth Congress, where economic reforms were established to adapt the system to new economic events and the global and national crisis.
On February 24, 2013, the National Assembly of People's Power re-elected Raúl Castro as President of the Council of State.
International relations
Raúl Castro and Argentine President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in 2009.
From the very beginning of his provisional government, Raúl Castro began to revise relations with nations such as Mexico and Russia, and there was also a noticeable strengthening of ties with China.
In his speech on December 2, 2006, Raúl Castro, then interim president of Cuba, announced that the Cuban government was willing to begin talks with the United States to end the diplomatic restrictions between the two nations, which would represent a decisive blow to the policy of rejecting everything American. The only condition set by the Cuban government is that the U.S. does not impose any conditions for initiating such dialogue.
In a recent interview with American actor Sean Penn, he expressed that he was open to a dialogue with elected President Barack Obama, and that this interview could even take place on the territory of the Guantanamo Naval Base.
In December 2008, Raúl Castro undertook an important international tour that included Venezuela and Brazil. The highlight of his trip was his participation in the I Summit of Latin America and the Caribbean, held in the city of Salvador da Bahia. This summit provided the framework for Cuba's entry into the Rio Group.
On February 24, 2013, the National Assembly of People's Power re-elected Raúl Castro as President of the Council of State
On December 17, 2014, he announced, alongside his U.S. counterpart Barack Obama, the restoration of diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba.
On April 19, 2018, Miguel Díaz-Canel was elected president by the IX Legislature of the National Assembly of Cuba for the 2018-2023 term. In this way, he ended his role as President of the Council of State but maintained his position as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba.
Family
Raúl was married to Vilma Espín from the early days of the Cuban Revolution until her passing (June 18, 2007). He has four children from this marriage: Deborah, Mariela, Nilsa, and Alejandro.
